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The second Schweinfurt raid〔Spaatz 1988, pp. 187–188.〕 was a World War II air battle that took place October 14, 1943, over Germany between forces of the United States 8th Air Force and German Luftwaffe's fighter arm (''Jagdwaffe''). The aim of the American-led mission was a strategic bombing raid on ball bearing factories in order to reduce production of these vital parts for all manner of war machines. This was the second mission attacking the factories at Schweinfurt. American wartime intelligence claimed the first Schweinfurt–Regensburg mission in August had reduced bearing production by 34% but had suffered heavy losses. A planned follow-up raid had to be postponed to rebuild American forces. As the squadrons rebuilt, plans for the return mission were modified based on the lessons learned. Planners added additional fighter escorts to cover the outward and return legs of the operations, and sent the entire force against Schweinfurt alone, instead of splitting the force. Despite these tactical modifications, a series of minor mishaps combined with the ever-increasing efficiency of the German anti-aircraft efforts proved to be devastating. Of the 291 B-17 Flying Fortresses sent on the mission, 60 were lost outright, another 17 damaged so heavily that they had to be scrapped, and another 121 had varying degrees of battle damage. Outright losses represented over 26% of the attacking force. Losses in aircrew were equally heavy, with 650 men lost of 2,900, 22% of the bomber crews. The American Official History of the Army Air Forces in the Second World War acknowledged losses had been so heavy that the USAAF would not return to the target for four months; "The fact was that the Eighth Air Force had for the time being lost air superiority over Germany".〔 The operation was a failure at all levels. The tactical-technological failure to produce a long-range escort — at the very time that the longer-range Packard V-1650 Merlin-engined -B and -C versions of the P-51 Mustang were just coming into service with the 8th Air Force — exposed the bombers to unrelenting attacks by German fighters; and the improper preparations for the creation of reserves in the summer of 1943 meant that current logistics could not sustain such costly operations. The intelligence of the Allied Air Forces were also flawed. Arthur Harris, Air Officer Commanding RAF Bomber Command questioned the intelligence that claimed ball bearings to be ''the'' critical node in the German war economy. Harris refused to cooperate with the Americans, believing ball bearing targets to be a false "panacea".〔Mc Farland and Wesely-Phillips in Cargill, 1998, p. 197.〕 Post-war analysis has shown Harris' objections to be correct.〔Webster and Frankland 1961, pp. 64-70.〕 The Germans had built up enormous reserves of ball bearings and were receiving supplies from all over Europe, particularly Italy, Sweden and Switzerland. The operation against these industries would, even if successful, have achieved little.〔Murray and Millett 2000, p. 313.〕〔Luttwak 2002, p. 56.〕 By 1945 the Germans had assembled more reserves than ever before.〔Boog, Horst, Detlef and Krebs 2001, p. 75.〕 ==Mission== Factories in and around Schweinfurt accounted for a significant amount of German ball-bearing production. The Kugelfischer plant produced 22 percent, and the ''Vereinigte Kugellagerfabriken'' I and II produced 20 percent, and another one percent came from the Fichtel & Sachs factory. After the German ball bearing "bottleneck" had been identified in 1942 and ball bearings had been named the second-most-vital Pointblank industry for the Combined Bomber Offensive in March 1943, Schweinfurt's ball bearing plants were selected for a second air raid after being bombed during the August Schweinfurt–Regensburg mission. Each of the three bomber wings was to be escorted by fighters from a single group with multiple squadrons of P-47 Thunderbolts. The fighters were inexplicably not employing drop tanks which limited their escort range.〔Terdoslavich, William. "Raids on Ploesti and Schweinfurt: August 1943 and October 1943", in Fawcett, Bill, ed. ''How To Lose WWII''. New York: Harper, 2010, p. 147.〕 One fighter outfit was sidetracked to escort a squadron of 29 B-24s that switched to a diversion mission to Emden because of the bad weather forecast. Some 229 of 291 B-17s hit the city area and ball bearing plants at Schweinfurt, Germany in two groups: the first group bombed at 1439–1445 hours, the second group at 1451–1457 hours. They claimed 186-27-89 Luftwaffe aircraft. 60 B-17s were lost, two damaged beyond repair and 13 damaged; casualties amounted to five KIA, 40 WIA and 594 MIA. In addition, the bomber formations were spread out and vulnerable because of bad weather. The Luftwaffe military intelligence officers had suspected a deep penetration air raid because of the substantial raids. Jagdgeschwader 3 ''Udet'' intercepted the bombers as they crossed the coast but P-47s succeeded in shooting down seven Bf 109s while losing just one P-47. Over the Netherlands elements of JG 1 ''Oesau'' and JG 26 ''Schlageter'' made repeated attacks. The 305th Bomb Group lost 13 of its 16 B-17s in minutes.〔Caldwell and Muller 2007, p. 135.〕 The B-17s were attacked after bombing by fighters that had refueled and rearmed (JG 11 downed 18 B-17s).〔Caldwell and Muller 2007, pp. 135–137.〕 A total of 13 bombers were shot down by German fighters and flak and 12 bombers were damaged so badly that they crashed upon return or had to be scrapped. Another 121 bombers returned with moderate damage.〔Price 2005, p. 151.〕 Of 2,900 crewmen, about 254 men did not return (65 survived as prisoners-of-war),〔Hess 1994, p. 65.〕 while five killed-in-action and 43 wounded were in the damaged aircraft that returned (594 were listed as missing-in-action). Among the most seriously affected American units was the 306th Bomb Group. It lost 100 men: 35 died on the mission or of wounds and 65 were captured. The 305th Bomb Group lost 130 men (87%), with 36 killed.〔Hess 1994, pp. 65-67〕 — the defensive efforts of both JG 1 and JG 11 during the "Black Thursday" raid are said to have included substantial use of the BR 21 unguided stand-off rockets against the USAAF combat boxes, as both Luftwaffe fighter wings had started use of the ordnance some six months earlier. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Second Raid on Schweinfurt」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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